There are two distinct themes in FCPA enforcement – the first is consistency, i.e., that some enforcement actions are relatively consistent across the board and, in the last five to ten years, the FCPA caseload has been fairly steady; the second is variability, meaning that new policies have an impact on FCPA enforcement.  Some minor and some major.  All of this may be another in my series of profound grasps of the obvious.

While many have criticized the Justice Department and the SEC over their FCPA enforcement practices, a closer look shows that the most significant impact continues to be allocation of resources.  DOJ and the SEC have devoted significant resources to increase the number of attorneys assigned to the DOJ’s FCPA Unit and the SEC’s FCPA Unit, including leveraging of attorneys in US Attorney’s Offices and SEC attorneys in SEC field offices.  The dedication of three FBI squads has an impact as well.

When the government allocates personnel, the attorneys and agents are expected to perform – to open investigations and prosecute cases.  Case numbers ebb and flow each year, some years have more and some lower.  Significantly, the number of cases brought each calendar year really does not reflect the amount of work completed by DOJ and the SEC – the investigations continue at their own pace and re not tied to any calendar year requirements (except when we observed completion of a number of cases at end of Obama Administration).

To make myself clear, there has been no significant change in FCPA enforcement during the Trump Administration or, to say it another way, resources always reflects policy.  The current Administration is no different than any other when it comes to FCPA enforcement.  If changes were to occur, the Administration would have to reallocate resources or make a significant policy shift which no one expects to occur.  So, call it what you will, FCPA enforcement is here to stay for the foreseeable future.

A second observation relates to the assignment of corporate monitors in FCPA cases.  In 2016, FCPA enforcement hit a highwater mark and assigned corporate monitors in eight separate cases.  This year, we have only had one corporate monitor assigned which was in the Panasonic enforcement action.  To replace this requirement, DOJ and the SEC have pushed specific periodic review and reporting requirements.  Whether this is a good or a bad idea depends on how much scrutiny DOJ and the SEC devote to review of the report.  If such reports are not carefully reviewed and questioned, the self-reporting requirement is unlikely to have any significant impact; on the other hand, if DOJ reviews and questions the company’s report, DOJ and the SEC can advance corporate accountability.

Another important area is the impact of the Yates Memorandum.  There is no question that DOJ’s commitment to the yates Memorandum has increased overall its enforcement against individual actors, particularly in the auto safety and emissions fraud prosecutions.  In the FCPA enforcement area, we have seen a “new” trend in the use of non-FCPA charges, such as money laundering, against recipients of foreign bribes.  As for “traditional” FCPA prosecutions of individuals, so far, six individuals have been charged in 2018.

Finally (and perhaps most significantly), DOJ and the SEC have raised their expectations with regard to corporate remediation efforts as part of an overall FCPA settlement.  DOJ and the SEC hold companies accountable for imposing strict and aggressive discipline of officers and employees responsible for misconduct, stretching to supervisors who failed to hold employees accountable or who otherwise failed to investigate potential misconduct by staff members.  Companies have to exercise a robust disciplinary response, including senior officers, or face the prospect of negligible credit for remediation.  Even those companies that have designed and implemented effective ethics and compliance programs may earn negligible credit if they do not exact proper disciplinary actions against employees who engage in misconduct.